Background and Aim:  Effective brucellosis treatment necessitates antibiotics that can penetrate macrophages. This study systematic review and meta-analysis aimed at assessing the antibiotic Susceptibility profile of Brucella spp. isolated from humans, addressing this critical gap in understanding Brucella infections and their treatment. Materials and Methods:  Two authors conducted a systematic search across PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, with no time restrictions, encompassing English studies. Data extraction employed a standardized sheet, with two independent authors, and disagreements were resolved by a third. The data sheet included study characteristics and Susceptibility/resistance information for various antibiotics. Statistical analysis involved random effects models, Mantel-Haenszel methods, I2 tests, z-tests, and funnel plots using R and RStudio. Results:  Based on the pooled Susceptibility ratios, among the 630 samples of Brucella spp., 98% (95% CI: 85%-100%) were susceptible to trimethoprim. Among the 1255 samples of Brucella spp., 82% (95% CI: 54%-95%) were susceptible to rifampicin. Among the 1344 samples of Brucella spp., 100% (95% CI: 78%-100%) were susceptible to doxycycline. Among the 942 samples of Brucella spp., 100% (95% CI: 85%-100%) were susceptible to tetracycline. Among the 893 samples of Brucella spp., 100% (95% CI: 82%-100%) were susceptible to ciprofloxacin. Among the 906 samples of Brucella spp., 97% (95% CI: 96%-98%) were susceptible to gentamicin. Conclusion:  Based on our results, trimethoprim, doxycycline, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and gentamicin were effective, but rifampicin had lower Susceptibility. This informs antibiotic selection for Brucella infections, underscoring its importance in managing the disease

Superconducting microwave circuits are composed of components made from superconducting microstrip transmission lines (SMTLs). The spatial features of the superconductors provide the system operation at high speed and low noise floor. However, coupling the external Electromagnetic field in these systems reduces or nullifies their performance. In this article a general solution for evaluating the Electromagnetic behavior of SMTL in different incidence angles is proposed. The analysis is portrayed in the spectral domain. Using the proposed approach, the Electromagnetic Susceptibility (EMS) of the line is evaluated for oblique incidence. It is investigated for different film thicknesses. The study reveals that the line's Susceptibility has the highest value at 80o. But, its value varies for different thicknesses. Different behavior of the induced current for different thicknesses is due to the difference in equivalent impedance. Moreover, due to increase in the equivalent reactance, the line's Susceptibility is decreased as the film thickness is decreased.

Background: Electromagnetic non-ionizing radiation has both thermal and nonthermal outcomes on biological systems, such as humans, animals, and bacteria. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of non-ionizing radiofrequency radiation, emitted by Wi-Fi routers, on bacterial strains and the modification of their Susceptibility to modern antibiotics. Material and Methods: In this case-control paired study, four bacteria were selected, and one colony from each bacterial strain was exposed to Wi-Fi radiation forming the exposure group. Another set of colonies was not exposed to Wi-Fi radiation, forming the control group. Eight different antibiotic disks were set on the bacterial plates, and the inhibition zone was measured every 3 h for each colony. Results: Electromagnetic radiation affects bacterial colonies and their Susceptibility to antibiotics. Analysis revealed statistically significant differences, correlated with the bacterial strain, the antibiotic agent, and the time of the exposure, in the inhibition zones, mostly after 6 and 24 h (p-value < 0. 05). Conclusion: A correlation was observed between antibiotic Susceptibility and nonionizing radiofrequency exposure. Studying the effects of radiofrequency radiation on prokaryotic organisms could clarify more complicated cell structures and organisms, such as eukaryotic. Further experiments, in vitro and in vivo, could provide more information about these outcomes and cause experts to discuss the current guidelines of exposure limits.

The electrical behavior of neurons can be more complex in the presence of autapse. In the presence of an autaptic connection, the Izhikevich neuron model can show a variety of dynamic behaviors, such as chaotic behavior. This paper presents a novel, high speed and robust pseudo random number generator based on the autaptic Izhikevich neuron oscillator and its FPGA implementation. The autaptic Izhikevich neuron model is simulated and dynamically analyzed. Then, the proposed pseudo-random number generator is modeled and simulated using the Xilinx system generator platform, synthesized using Xilinx Synthesis Tool, and implemented on the XILINX SPARTAN-6 XC6SLX9 FPGA evaluation board. As a post processing operation, the XOR function is used to increase the randomness of the output bit sequences. The FPGA implementation results show that the implementation cost of the proposed pseudo-random number generator is lower than similar works, and the proposed generator achieves a maximum frequency of 63.2 MHz. The NIST test suite is used for testing the quality of the generated bit sequences. The NIST test results indicates the high quality of the generated random bit sequence.

Background: The increasing use of telecommunication devices such as Wi-Fi modems and mobile phones in the recent years can change the cellular structure of microorganisms so the generation of Electromagnetic waves has led to concern in the community whenever be exposed to these fields and may have harmful effects on human health. Material and Methods: In this experimental study, standard strains of bacteria were prepared on Mueller-Hinton agar for bacterial growth to obtain 0. 5 McFarland turbidity (1. 5 × 108 CFU) of bacteria. Antibiotic Susceptibility test using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was done. For Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, antibiotics Susceptibility test was conducted. The test group was exposed to Electromagnetic waves emitted by mobile phone simulator with a frequency of 900 MHz and the control group were not exposed. Results: The results revealed that increasing duration of exposure to Electromagnetic waves emitted by the mobile simulators with a frequency of 900 MHz especially after 24 h of exposure, can increase bacterial resistance in S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa. Conclusion: Several factors can cause bacterial resistance against antibiotics. One of these factors is the Electromagnetic waves emitted from mobile simulator with a frequency of 900 MHz, which can increase the permeability of the cell wall of bacteria.

The aim of this research was to study the effect of simultaneous vibration application during welding under the voltage range of 0-30 volts on the mechanical properties and hot cracking Susceptibility of 304 stainless steel welded joints. The microstructural investigations by optical and scanning electron microscopes showed that Electromagnetic vibration application resulted in fragmentation of dendrite tips, increasing of nucleation sites and alteration of solidification structure from columnar to equiaxed structure. Therefore, the final microstructure undergoes grain refinement and extension of equiaxed dendriteic region. Hardness measurement of welded region showed increasing value due to vibration application. The results of Charpy test done on welded specimens revealed that impact energy has been increased from 112 J to 136 j under different Electromagnetic vibration intensities. It was also determined that under Electromagnetic vibration, weldability was improved, hot cracking Susceptibility was decreased and fracture toughness of welded joints under Electromagnetic vibration was increased.

Background: During the last decade, people have been dramatically exposed to radiation emitted from widely-used radiofrequency Electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) generating devices. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of exposure to RF-EMF emitted from smart phones and Wi-Fi routers on the growth rate and antibiotic sensitivity of Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) as a pathogen in the root canals of teeth. Material and Methods: In this experimental study, E. faecalis ATCC 19115 was used, characterized and confirmed by morphological and biochemical tests. Antibiotic Susceptibility test was measured for several common antibiotics. To perform antibiotic Susceptibility tests, disk diffusion (Kirby-Bauer) method on Mueller-Hinton agar plates was used before and after exposure to RF-EMFs emitted from a commercial Wi-Fi router or a mobile phone simulator. Moreover, we measured the optical density at 625 nm after different exposure times using a calibrated UV-visible spectrophotometer to evaluate the effect of RF-EMF exposure on the bacterial growth rate. Results: Exposure to RF-EMF significantly altered the antimicrobial sensitivity of the E. faecalis. While, the Susceptibility of the bacteria decreased significantly after 6 h of exposure, longer exposure time (e. g. exposure for 24 h) increased the Susceptibility of the bacteria to all antibiotics. Furthermore, it was found that the bacteria tended to regress to their early state. Moreover, the non-exposed E. faecalis showed a slower growth rate than the bacteria exposed to RF-EMFs. Conclusion: Exposure to RF-EMF emitted by Wi-Fi routers or mobile phone simulator can significantly change the antibiotic Susceptibility and growth rate of E. faecalis.

This paper presents an efficient Multiconductor Shielded Cable model, for conducted and radiated coupling, developed for circuit applications. In the case of radiated coupling, the interaction of the external incident field is modeled by equivalent voltage and current generators placed on shield only. The model works in frequency and time domain with linear and non-linear loads, respectively. Different applications are presented, for validation and physical interpretation. Finally, we will discuss the effect of the connection of the voltage limiter on the induced voltages.